Services
- Development of Marine Resources
- Development of Marine Algae Resources
- Seaweed Extraction
- Seaweed (Macroalgae) Analysis
- Algae (Microalgae) Analysis
- Algae Identification
- Algae Production
- Algae Culture
- Algae Harvesting and Separation
- Algal Biodiversity Assessment
- Purification of Algal Extracts
- Algae Database Construction
- Microalgal Fermentation
- Haematococcus Pluvialis Production
- Nannochloropsis Production
- Phaeodactylum Tricornutum Production
- Chlorella Vulgaris Production
- Spirulina Production
- Porphyridium Cruentum Production
- Development of Seaweed Enzyme Products
- Diatom Production
- Agar Production
- Carrageenan Production
- Development of Marine Biofertilizer
- Seaweed Fertilizer Production
- Marine Bio-Calcium Fertilizer Production
- Marine Fish Protein Liquid Bio-fertilizer Production
- Organic Kelp Fertilizer Production
- Seagrass Organic Compost Production
- Microalgal Fertilizer Production
- Jellyfish Fertilizer Production
- Marine Microbial Fertilizer Production
- Chitosan Fertilizer Production
- Oligochitosan Fertilizer Production
- Chitin Fertilizer Production
- Composition Analysis of Marine Biofertilizer
- Quality Testing of Marine Biofertilizer
- Screening of Microbes for Marine Biofertilizer
- Development of Alginate
- Development of New Marine Proteins
- Marine Halophilic Enzyme Production
- Marine Microbial Lysozyme Production
- Marine Agarase Production
- Marine Cold-active Enzymes Production
- Marine Carrageenase Production
- Marine Xylanase Production
- Marine Chitinase Production
- Marine Collagenases Production
- Porifera Peptides Synthesis
- Cnidaria Peptide Synthesis
- Mollusca Peptide Synthesis
- Annelida Peptide Synthesis
- Arthropoda Peptide Synthesis
- Echinodermata Peptide Synthesis
- Chordata Peptide Synthesis
- Development of Marine Biotoxin
- Isolation of Marine Peptide Toxins
- Purification and Characterization of Marine Peptide Toxins
- Isolation of Marine Polyether Toxins
- Isolation of Marine Alkaloid Toxins
- Identification and Quantification of Marine Polyether Toxins
- Detection of Marine Biotoxin
- Immunoassay Testing of Marine Polyether Toxins
- Biological Activity Evaluation of Marine Biotoxin
- Biosynthesis of Marine Biotoxin
- Risk Assessment of Marine Biotoxin
- Identification of Microcystins
- Isolation and Purification of Microcystins
- Molecular Characterization and Toxin Quantification of Microcystis
- Development of Marine Biosurfactants
- Marine Microbial Production of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Sophorolipid Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Trehalose Lipid Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Fatty Acid Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Lipopolysaccharide Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Lipoprotein Biosurfactant
- Marine Microbial Production of Lipoamino Acid Biosurfactant
- Purification of Marine Biosurfactant
- Isolation of Biosurfactant Producing Marine Bacteria
- Process Design and Optimization for Marine Biosurfactant Production
- Critical Micelle Concentration Determination of Marine Biosurfactant
- Structural Diversity Analysis of Marine Biosurfactant
- Characterization of Marine Biosurfactant
- Quantification of Marine Biosurfactant
- Qualitative Analysis of Marine Biosurfactant
- Surface Tension Measurement of Marine Biosurfactant
- Antimicrobial Testing of Marine Biosurfactant
- Anti-adhesive Testing of Marine Biosurfactant
- Development of Marine Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- Bioactivity Assays of Marine Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- Chemical Structures Analysis of Marine Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- Marine Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis from Yarrowia Lipolytica
- Fermentation of Marine Microalgae to Produce EPA/DHA
- Screening of Marine Yeasts to Produce Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis from Thraustochytrium
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis from Schizochytrium
- Development of Marine Biochips
- Development of Marine-Based Biomaterial
- Development of Marine Polysaccharides
- Development of Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
- Development of Red Seaweed Polysaccharides
- Development of Green Seaweed Polysaccharides
- Structural Analysis of Marine Polysaccharides
- Modification of Marine Polysaccharides
- Physicochemical Properties Analysis of Marine Polysaccharides
- Separation and Purification of Marine Polysaccharides
- Development of Marine Oligosaccharides
- Development of Marine Microbial Polysaccharides
- Development of Marine Microbial Pesticide
- Development of Marine Algae Resources
- Analysis of Marine Organisms
- Analysis of Marine Microorganisms
- Identification and Detection of Marine Microorganisms
- Isolation and Cultivation of Marine Microorganisms
- Characterization of Marine Microorganisms
- Identification of Marine Bacteria
- Physiological Characteristic Analysis of Marine Microorganisms
- Identification of Marine Virus
- Marine Microbial Community Profiling
- Identification of Marine Archaea
- Quantitative Analysis of Marine Microbiome Community
- Identification of Marine Yeast
- Sequencing of Marine Microbial Community
- Identification of Marine Eukaryotic Microorganisms
- Fermentation of Marine Microorganisms
- Marine Microbial Limits Testing
- Analysis of Marine Microbial Diversity
- Databases Construction of the Marine Metagenomics
- Marine Microbial Bioburden Testing
- Marine Microbial Stability Testing
- Marine Microbial Viability Testing
- Sampling of Marine Microorganism
- Preservation Service of Marine Microorganism
- Breeding of Marine Microorganisms
- Analysis of Marine Plankton
- Analysis of Marine Plants
- Chlorophyll Detection of Algae
- Detection of Phycocyanin Concentration
- Growth Inhibition Test of Freshwater Algae
- Sediment-free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
- Water-sediment Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
- Water-sediment Glyceria Maxima Toxicity Test
- Efficacy Test of Algicides
- Analysis of Phytoplankton Pigment
- Identification and Sampling of Zooplankton
- Ultra-microplankton Detection
- Microplankton Detection
- Determination of Trace Elements in Plankton
- Macrobenthos Analysis
- Plankton Image Analysis
- Plankton Sorting
- Analysis of Marine Microorganisms
- Development of Marine Drug
- Development of Marine Antibacterial Drug
- Development of Marine Anticancer Drug
- Development of Marine Anti-inflammatory Drug
- Development of Marine Antioxidant
- Development of Marine Antiviral Drug
- Development of Marine Neuroprotective Drug
- Development of Marine Antiparasitic Drug
- Development of Marine Analgesic Drug
- Development of Marine Cardiovascular Drug
- Development of Marine Antimicrobial Drug
- Development of Marine Antimalarial Drug
- Development of Marine Anticoagulant Drug
- Development of Marine Antihyperlipidemic Drug
- Development of Marine Antidiabetic Drug
- Development of Anti-tubercular Drug
- Development of Marine Antiprotozoal Drug
- Marine Organism Cell Culture
- Development of Marine Organism Model
- Marine Biological Test
- Fish Embryo Acute Test
- Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity Test
- Fish Sexual Development Test
- Fish Juvenile Growth Study
- Fish Egg Test
- Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
- Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
- Lemna Growth Inhibition Test
- Fish Acute Toxicity Test
- Fish Chronic Toxicity Test
- Endocrine Disruption Testing
- Daphnia Magna Reproduction Test
- Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilisation Test
- Potamopyrgus Antipodarum Reproduction Test
- Lymnaea Stagnalis Reproduction Test
- Fish Life Cycle Toxicity Test
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Molecular Characterization and Toxin Quantification of Microcystis
Microcystins are the most prevalent cyanobacterial toxins, mainly produced by M. aeruginosa in freshwater lakes and rivers around the world. Microcystins are a complex group of monocyclic heptapeptides with significant hepatotoxicity, consisting of a seven-membered peptide ring consisting of two protein amino acids and five non-protein amino acids. Due to the different amino acid compositions of the two variable proteins, more than 100 variants of microcystins have been discovered so far and named according to the variable amino acids that make up their structure. The most common and abundant Microcystins are MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LA (L, leucine; R, arginine; Y, tyrosine; and A, alanine), Of these, MC-LR is the most studied and potentially toxic. Microcystins are water-soluble and fairly stable. In most water bodies, the natural degradation process of miclon is very slow. They are heat resistant and can even remain toxic when boiled. Microcystin toxicity is related to its chemical structure. CD BioSciences provides molecular analysis and toxin quantification methods for microcystin molecular characterization and toxin quantification.
Fig. 1 Schematics of the NanoGene assay for the detection of the Microcystis aeruginosa strain. (Lee E H, et al., 2017)
Our Services
CD BioSciences provides professional toxin quantification and molecular characterization service to meet the needs of customers. CD BioSciences relies on the world-class technical expertise, our scientists provide customers with the best quality one-stop development of marine biotoxin service, including the development of experimental procedures according to different experimental needs.
- Molecular monitoring methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are practical methods for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in the natural environment, CD uses this method to rapidly determine whether microcystins species are potentially virulent, and to quantify toxins.
- CD BioSciences performs 16S and 16S-23S rRNA ITS sequencing for molecular characterization of microcystins.
- CD BioSciences provides quantification of microcystin production by mcy E detection and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
- Surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS) is used for microcystin tosxins detection. The linear range of microcystin is 0.01~5 μg/L, and the minimum detection limit can reach 5 ng/L, which has high sensitivity and great application value.
Sources of Microcystins
Microcystins are from many genera of cyanobacteria, including Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Cylindrospermopsis, Anabaenopsis, Aphanocapsa, and Hapalosiphon.
Deliverables
- Related experimental results raw data
- Microcystins sample testing results
- Experimental report
- Data analysis
- Image and result analysis
- Summary of relevant calculation parameters
CD BioSciences is a professional service provider for the marine biology industry. Our molecular characterization and toxin quantification services of microcystins can ensure that the most suitable methods and techniques are selected for your project. We provide our customers with the most precise ingredient data and highly informed process expertise. Our team of biomass experts plays a key role in the formulation, optimization and commercial evaluation of biomass value-added processes in industry and academia. If necessary, please feel free to contact us.
Reference
- Lee E H, Cho K S, Son A. Detection and quantification of toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa strain in water by NanoGene assay[J]. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017, 27(4): 808-815.
Please kindly note that our services can only be used to support research purposes (Not for clinical use).